Holding Ground

     Holding Ground is a documentary video of the Dudley Street Initiative and how it developed over time with community change. The Dudley Street Initiative focuses on the Dorchester and Roxbury areas of Boston. In both of these areas individuals lived in poverty and within society they were powerless. Ethnic backgrounds within this community included Cape Verde, Hispanic, White, African American, and many others. Only individuals who were white were able to move out of this poverty and into the city because banks would only give loans and mortgages to the white race while all others were at a disadvantage. The community needed help in revitalizing the community so it would no longer be in poverty. Areas were being used as dumping stations so families would view and live in filth daily. Many were becoming very ill due to the toxins coming from the trash dumping in vacant land areas. The city tried to help this situation but coming in and telling the community what they needed to do was not the answer. Community residents’ believed that individuals from the community should have say and run this plan of action for change. Only the residents who suffer daily know what needs to be done and what they want their community to change to. This reminded me of the reading by Hardina that I read. Hardina stated that citizen participation is important to ensure effectiveness and making services more responsive to the individuals in need (Hardina, 2003) Members from the community were then appointed by the community to implement a plan for change. The leaders began with surveying and speaking with the community as a whole to see what they wanted and what they believed the community’s largest issue was. Doing this the community leaders gained the knowledge that the community as a whole felt that the largest issue was the dumping of waste onto vacant land in the neighborhood. With this knowledge the community leaders took in urban planners who listened to the residents and took into account their ideas for change. In the readings by Netting, it was stated that for change it is important to work both horizontally and vertically (Netting) This community worked both ways; they include each other which is horizontally and they included the urban planners which is working outside of the community vertically. The leader of the plan for change really empowered the community by making them feel involved and letting them know that their voice counts. Hardina makes reference to this when stated that empowerment practice focuses on the importance of participation and decision making within the community (Hardina, 2003) Over a period of 10 years trying to get affordable housing onto the vacant property, instead of a dumping station, funding came through and affordable housing was built. The affordable housing brought back residents who were forced out of their homes because of poverty or house fires back to the neighborhood of where they grew up. Many individuals who spoke on this in the video were overwhelmed with excitement to get back to their community and neighborhood of which they refer to as home. Aside from the dumping stations another issue in the Dudley street area was drug dealing in the local park area. This was a quick fix when the community got the police to stand at the parks daily to patrol drug dealing and activities and events were planned for every day throughout the summer days for children and young teens. This was a place where they could come to interact and learn; something that was never done because of the illegal drug trafficking. In my reflection this change was great because children within this community needed an area where they could learn and grow. Individuals within a community are known to supposed to be able to advocate for themselves and they are ultimately responsible for their quality of life (Fraser, 2005) Throughout this entire process for change in the Roxbury/Dorchester area the residents of the community proved that they were responsible for improving their quality of life; they really lived up to their expectations of individuals within a community.

       I found this video to be extremely interesting and moving. I felt a connection to the video because my grandmother grew up in Roxbury and lived through the Dudley Street Initiative. After I viewed this movie I spoke with my grandmother about her experience, it was very inspirational. I learned that change is possible even if it takes years and years to be like it should be. I also realized that change will only occur if there are committed team leaders and players that are involved and persistent about change.

Fraser, J. (2005). Understanding Community Building in Urban America. Journal of Poverty , 23-43.

Hardina, D. (2003). Linking Citizen Participation to Empowerment Practice: A Historical Overview. Journal of Community Practice , 11-38.

Lipman, M. (Director). Holding Ground: The Rebuilding of Dudley Street [Motion Picture].

Netting, F. E. Understanding Communities. In F. E. Netting, Social Work Macro Practice (pp. 131-165).

Problems Crossed in Macro Practice

Macro practice is very large that many issues can arise within in the advocating group for change. Three areas that can cause issues within the group include not enough community participation, not enough money to sustain the program and there is no clear direction or communication within the group.

Not enough community participation.

Most of the macro work that is done is with bringing a community together as a whole to make changes within society. This can be difficult because some individuals may feel strongly about the change but do not participate in the movement. Participation for the community is very important because they are the individuals know firsthand what they want changed or worked on. One way that one can involve the community would be to send out a survey to all of the individuals in the community. This is helpful because people who may not have the time to put into the group can still report on their feelings and concerns. Getting individuals to be a part of the group actively can be difficult but there are many things that can be done to help recruit individuals. The main group that you want to focus on is the group of individuals that will most benefit from the change. The group should also try and supply language translators, child care, transportation and convenient times to hold the meetings. Another thing that the group could do would be to provide some incentives like banquets, awards and social events to make the group more engaging and fun. Once there is a group of people formed and dedicated it is important to continuously recruit and train individuals so the group is strong and successful with change.

Not having enough money to sustain the program.

Money is a large issue within society and having the money for funding of different events. The number one thing that needs to be in place when dealing with money is developing financial stability. In order to develop financial stability there needs to be a leader that can develop the plan. In the development of the plan the leader needs to determine if the program will be long term and invested so it is worth advocating for the amount of money they are looking for. After the plan is on its way to being developed there needs to be someone that will let everyone know what is going on and what the plan is all about and the group needs to see what money they need and what money they want. In order to receive this money for support of the group there are different things that can be put into place for instance fundraisers or being a part of society’s tax dollars. Aside from fundraising and looking towards the society for raising money, grant writing is a possibility. Grant writing is great because the money is from local businesses, the government, corporations and foundations. These are just a few ideas for financial stability for a group and helping a group raise money for their purpose.

Not having a clear direction or communication within the group.

Having many individuals working together can get difficult because there are so many individuals that you need to communicate with.  A way to keep the communication to make sure that everyone is on the same page would be starting by agreeing on the needs that need to be met within the society. Once there is an agreement on what the society’s needs are then development of an action plan needs to be put into place. In order to work all together individuals within the group need to be free from conflict and constantly communicating. Ideas on how to communicate with the group and society as a whole would be to post flyers, email, and word of mouth, create a website and/or send things postal mail. The main parts of communication are who, what and how. Who are you going to communicate the information to? What is going to be said through the communication? How are you going to communicate everything and get everyone on the same page? Communication is a large part of macro practice and community change so it is important to get all ideas organized and make sure everyone is in it together.

Bibliography

Troubleshooting Guide for Solving Problems. (2012). Retrieved February 14, 2012, from The Community Toolbox: http://ctb.ku.edu/en/solveproblem/index.aspx

Change Agent

     Many individuals are known for contributing to macro practice social work. Macro practice social work is working with society as a whole to fix societal issues. Two individuals that I found to be interesting and had and still have a large impact on society are Jean Henri Dunant and Van Jones.

            Jean Henri Dunant was born in May of 1828 and passed in October of 1910. He is well known for being passionate in humanitarianism and working closely with the Red Cross organization. The idea of the Red Cross was recognized in 1859 when Dunant came across a battle of bloody soldiers in Italy. Many soldiers were unattended and suffering from wounds (History). Dunant strongly believed that nations around the world should form relief groups to provide care for wounded men from the war. This would work by each society having a governing board where each member would recruit volunteers and train these volunteers for disaster relief. He organized local people to help with soldier’s wounds and to comfort them. In February of 1863 the Geneva Society for Public Welfare appointed Dunant and four other individuals to review and put this plan into action (Jean Henri Dunant Biography). By 1864 the plan was activated and the symbol was a red cross painted on a white battle field. Unfortunately in 1867 Dunant went bankrupt and everything began to go downhill; he was no longer a part of the Geneva Society. Shortly after he became very ill and remained in solitude until his death. He made a lasting impression on society with his contributes to the Red Cross and also winning a Noble Peace Prize in 1901 (Jean Henri Dunant Biography).

           

 Van Jones is another man in society who contributed to macro practice. He was born in 1968 in Tennessee. Jones is currently working as a social activist. Jones is well known for being the co-founder of three non-profit organizations. These non-profit organizations include the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, Color of Change and Green for All (Van Jones Biography). He is also the author of The Green Collar Economy which defines green jobs within society. Along with his book he put together an organization to work towards putting green jobs in place for communities that are disadvantaged. With a strong practice in human rights, Jones is one of Americas leading individuals with creating pathways out of poverty and help rebuilding America’s middle class. Van Jones has received many awards and honors including being named one of the most influential people in the world during 2008 by TIME magazine, he was designated by the World Economic Forum as a young global leader and he was a recipient of the international Ashoka Fellowship (Van Jones).

            Both Jean Henri Dunant and Van Jones have had a lasting impact on society; as for Van Jones he is continuing to impact society today. I learned a lot from researching both of these social activists. I learned a lot about the Red Cross and how it came about. The Red Cross is a wonderful organization that helps individuals who are in need and less fortunate. It is great how society comes together and volunteers to help others within society or a community to better others lives. I found it interesting that the Red Cross came about because Dunant saw a war in Italy with many casualties and wounded soldiers laying in the field unattended. After the Red Cross Organization took off they were geared with assisting soldiers in battle. Van Jones also gave me knowledge on “green jobs” and how he enforced getting green jobs within societies that are less fortunate and unemployed so all have a fair chance to working opportunities. From his biography and successes within society he seems focused on social welfare and all individuals within society having an equal opportunity. One has impacted the other and both plus many other activist has changed issues within society little by little.

           

I am most passionate about changing the societal problems of poverty and welfare qualifications. If I were to become a change agent and work in macro practice I would want to work closely with Van Jones because of his interest in poverty and welfare. I strongly believe that there are individuals and families in society that need the welfare assistance while there are others who scam the system and are taking away from the true needy. It will take a long time to get these societal issues under control. For the qualifications for welfare I feel that a family or individual can be on welfare but only for a short while. Currently welfare qualifications depend on family size, gross income and medical emergencies like pregnancy, disability, homelessness or unemployment. Individuals can only remain on welfare for up to two years and they need to be showing proof of job looking. (US Welfare System - Help for US Citizens) This law to me is great except for the people who work the system and remain on welfare for a longer period of time. I know many people who are and have been on welfare for a long time and they have no interest in looking for a job. In order to change a societal issue within society it takes a group of individuals to advocate and leaders to take charge. Leadership is a large part of macro practice and implementing change. I strongly believe that leaders should have characteristics that include effective communication, dependability, being able to work both independently and within a team, they should not have any fear of promoting and trying to change a societal issue that many may feel is not an issue. These characteristics and skills of an individual that is a part of macro practice or change help the process run smoothly and they help assure that everything is in order.

            As I stated previously I would like to change a few things within society today including welfare qualifications and poverty. Poverty really has taken a toll on our society because everyday more and more individuals are losing their jobs and cannot afford to pay on their homes which causes foreclosure. Society really needs to come up with some alternatives to help supply more jobs for society. The economy today is very low and I feel it will get to a point where poverty will be so bad that it will be difficult to reverse. Both the issues of welfare and poverty will take many individuals to change and it is a long time coming but that does not mean that it is not possible with a leader and advocates.

            If I were to become a change agent and have a lasting impression on society I would focus on teen pregnancy. In my view teen pregnancy is a societal issue that is easier to approach and hopefully change while poverty and welfare one needs to go through the government and policies which could take many, many years. There needs to be more education on sex education and preventatives. Many individuals think that supplying preventatives like condoms in middle school and high school is condoning the teens to have sex. I feel that it would only help prevent many of the teen pregnancies that are occurring. Some teens are embarrassed or just do not have the money to go buy condoms to have safe sex which leads to a child of which they also cannot support. Another issue which I know is already being passed is supplying free birth control. I have spoken with many teens and friends who are simply not on birth control because of the expense; I guess some do not realize that it is much cheaper than having a child to support. Macro practice is a hard job and it is hard to advocate for a large portion of society but I know that with dedication and hard work issues within society do have the probability to change greatly over time.

Works Cited

History. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2012, from International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: http://www.ifrc.org/en/who-we-are/history/

Jean Henri Dunant Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2012, from The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laurenates/1901/dunant-bio.html

Mirpuri, A., Feldman, K. P., & Roberts, G. M. (2009). Antiracism and Environmental Justice in an Age of Neoliberalism: An Interview with Van Jones. Antipode, 41(3), 401-415. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00680.x

Van Jones. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2012, from Center for American Progress: http://www.americanprogress.org/experts/JonesVan.html

Van Jones Biography. (n.d.). Retrieved February 8, 2012, from http://vanjones.net/index.php?p=bio

 Von Planta, M. (2007). Jean-Henri Dunant: The Founder of the Red Cross organization. Resuscitation, 73(1), 8-11. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.11.019

Blog 5: The Democratic Process

     After watching, The Democratic Process I really had a different view of social change and macro practice. This video mapped out the life of Alinsky and all of the things he did to contribute to social change. Alinsky graduated from the University of Chicago with a degree in archeology but then went back and received a degree in criminology. He stated that most of his education came from the experience of working on the streets growing up in a Jewish ghetto community.  Alinsky is widely known as a civil rights activist and his main focus was to help the poor and working class to organize them to improve their community. He was one of the first leading organizers of neighborhood citizen reform; he wanted to fix communities so individuals could gain from their community instead of suffer. Alinsky published a book titled, Reveille for Radicals. The purpose of this book was to promote community organization and explain how it is done.

     Aside from Alinsky’s thoughts and beliefs on community change, he organized many campaigns. He was a large believer in the church and community coming together to promote change. One of his bigger campaigns was the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Counsel. This counsel was run by the citizens and they worked together with organizing communities. Some things that were put into place included hot meals for malnourished kids and the infant mortality rate decreased greatly. This campaign also put a lot of opportunity in place for neighborhoods in Chicago particularly jobs in the meat industry.  After this campaign the Industrial Area Foundation was developed which organized new campaigns around the country for social change.  Alinsky really made an impact in society with getting citizens together to promote change for all.

     There were a few quotes during the film that really struck me. The first quote was said in the very beginning of the film which was, “Social justice can be done through American democracy. The only thing you will get is what you are strong enough to get.” This quote really put into perspective macro practice for me. It proves that in order for one to get what they need and what they need to put the effort forward and work hard for what they want. Individuals that do not strive for what they want and do not remain strong will not get where they picture themselves to be. It takes at least one individual to step up for change and without at least that one individual no one will be heard and change will not occur.  The next quote that I really liked was, “You cannot get social justice without confronting it.” I believe that everyone deserves social justice and equal rights but oppressed groups need to be heard and stand up for what they believe in order to make society problems societies strengths. One of the discussions during this video spoke about Alinsky’s mother and her impact on him. His mother once said that, individuals are responsible for other individuals and you cannot just walk away when you do not see something right. Not everyone would agree with this statement but I am a strong believer of helping others and that is something that I enjoy doing. If you see something that does not look right and you overlook it the involved individuals could be in trouble where if you do not overlook it you could potentially be saving an individual’s life or impacting it in some way or another.

     I overall enjoyed this video. I felt that it really expressed macro practice in the works and everything it took to get society on track in the 1900’s, and yet it was never as great as it could have been. It proved that it really takes one person to lead a community to step up and work towards social change. The empowerment from all of the individuals involved in the campaigns helped individuals feel what they were doing was good worth it. In order for social change to occur society needs to come together as a team and stand for what they believe the more participants the better the change outcome.

                                                      Bibliography

Hercules, B. (Director). (1999). The Democratic Promise: Saul Alinsky & His Legacy [Motion Picture].

Blog 4: Social Workers View of Macro Practice

Here are my three interviews with social workers about macro practice and leadership.

My first interview was with my field professor Linda Gabruk. She stated that she felt macro work is time devoted to policy creation/advocacy, systems strategy, community coalitions and/or community-wide programming.  She also said that for the most part she sees macro work as work across agencies vs. internal. Linda said that a lot of her time is spent on macro work, about 50% of her work week is dedicated to macro practice although she said if we include working internally in her agency systems it is about 90%. Some things that Linda participates in that involve macro work include participating in coalitions, grant writing (that includes an impact on the community), collaborating with other organizations to provide services and developing systems to serve community residents. Important macro practice skills according to Linda include collaboration skills, writing skills, communication skills and the ability to articulate a vision.

My second interview was with another professor of mine, Judith Willison. She believes that macro work is social work practice with larger systems, where change efforts target the environment and systems including the community, policy, organizations, laws, institutional and organizational practices, etc. She also stated that she feels it includes policy level work, social advocacy, community organizing, social action, etc. Currently her work that includes macro work is about 30%. The number one thing that Judith does for macro work is teaching it at BSU. Some of the things that she participates in with macro social work are developing relationships with and bringing together multiple agencies in Boston to intervene and provide services related to violence prevention with high risk young people. She has worked doing research focused on structural correlates to violence such as poverty, institutional racism, gender disadvantage, etc. And lastly she has worked advocating for changes in laws related to parole standards, criminal record information polices, and advocacy for changes in policies related to services for people getting out of prison. Judith believes that the following leadership skills are important when working in macro practice. Engaging multiple entities effectively, forming alliances with multiple entities, communicating meaningful reasons for change, communicating clear messages about goals for change, visionary planning, eliciting the strengths and skills of others who are part of the macro practice change efforts, delegation of tasks, community outreach, motivating people and systems to change, perseverance and courage in facing adversity.

My third interview was with my supervisor from my internship, Erin Coombs. Erin defined macro practice as advocating for individuals as a whole and working with an entire community. It is not just advocating for one individual. She also said that she believes it is working with many agencies to work on change within a community. Currently Erin works with macro practice about 20%      of her work week. She is currently involved in a school wide behavior program that has been implemented at the school she works in to help change behaviors that are causing many suspensions and office referrals. Not only is she working with one individual or student to change their behavior but the program is directed towards all students within the Brockton School System. Leadership skills are very important with this program. Erin said that in order for it to be successful it is important for team members to be communicative, dedicated, positive, consistent, and patient because change will not happen overnight and she also thought that a sense of humor is important. A lot of things that she deals with can be stressful and she said that it is nice at meetings to have some laughter and humor to brighten up some of the situations.

I found it very interesting to interview three different social workers of all different occupations. With this assignment I realized that some social workers work more with macro practice than others. I actually really did not even think that my internship was considered macro practice but when Erin said the system wide behavior program I agreed. I also think that empowerment is a large part of the behavior change system. At the school we empower students to be respectful and responsible by giving them a paw when they act on these expectations. The paws are positive because the end of the week whichever class has the most gets to get extra recess as an incentive. Just like Hardina said that empowerment is focusing on the authority, control and confidence. The students receiving this paw puts them in control of their actions and if they will be able to participate in extra gym by the end of the week. Macro practice is great because instead of helping one individual achieve something you are helping an entire community be successful.

Bibliography

Hardina, D. (2003). Linkink Citizen Participation to Empowerment Practice: A Historical Overview. Journal of Community Practice , 11-38.

StrengthsQuest Assessment

Here are my results from the StrengthsQuest Assessment. I have to say that I agree with most of what is said about me..especially the discipline and how I need everything in order and I need to know ahead of time when something is going to happen. I also agreed with the fact that I am always talking and looking towards the future. I try not to dwell on the past and just look towards the future. My motto is : "Tomorrow is a new day"

Discipline

Your world needs to be predictable. It needs to be ordered and planned. So you instinctively impose

structure on your world. You set up routines. You focus on timelines and deadlines. You break longterm

projects into a series of specific short-term plans, and you work through each plan diligently. You

are not necessarily neat and clean, but you do need precision. Faced with the inherent messiness of

life, you want to feel in control. The routines, the timelines, the structure, all of these help create this

feeling of control. Lacking this theme of Discipline, others may sometimes resent your need for order,

but there need not be conflict. You must understand that not everyone feels your urge for

predictability; they have other ways of getting things done. Likewise, you can help them understand

and even appreciate your need for structure. Your dislike of surprises, your impatience with errors,

your routines, and your detail orientation don’t need to be misinterpreted as controlling behaviors that

box people in. Rather, these behaviors can be understood as your instinctive method for maintaining

your progress and your productivity in the face of life’s many distractions.

Relator

Relator describes your attitude toward your relationships. In simple terms, the Relator theme pulls you

toward people you already know. You do not necessarily shy away from meeting new people—in fact,

you may have other themes that cause you to enjoy the thrill of turning strangers into friends—but you

do derive a great deal of pleasure and strength from being around your close friends. You are

302848596 (Audrey Keene)

© 2000, 2006-2012 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.

1

comfortable with intimacy. Once the initial connection has been made, you deliberately encourage a

deepening of the relationship. You want to understand their feelings, their goals, their fears, and their

dreams; and you want them to understand yours. You know that this kind of closeness implies a

certain amount of risk—you might be taken advantage of—but you are willing to accept that risk. For

you a relationship has value only if it is genuine. And the only way to know that is to entrust yourself to

the other person. The more you share with each other, the more you risk together. The more you risk

together, the more each of you proves your caring is genuine. These are your steps toward real

friendship, and you take them willingly.

Futuristic

“Wouldn’t it be great if . . .” You are the kind of person who loves to peer over the horizon. The future

fascinates you. As if it were projected on the wall, you see in detail what the future might hold, and

this detailed picture keeps pulling you forward, into tomorrow. While the exact content of the picture

will depend on your other strengths and interests—a better product, a better team, a better life, or a

better world—it will always be inspirational to you. You are a dreamer who sees visions of what could

be and who cherishes those visions. When the present proves too frustrating and the people around

you too pragmatic, you conjure up your visions of the future and they energize you. They can energize

others, too. In fact, very often people look to you to describe your visions of the future. They want a

picture that can raise their sights and thereby their spirits. You can paint it for them. Practice. Choose

your words carefully. Make the picture as vivid as possible. People will want to latch on to the hope

you bring.

Consistency

Balance is important to you. You are keenly aware of the need to treat people the same, no matter

what their station in life, so you do not want to see the scales tipped too far in any one person’s favor.

In your view this leads to selfishness and individualism. It leads to a world where some people gain an

unfair advantage because of their connections or their background or their greasing of the wheels.

This is truly offensive to you. You see yourself as a guardian against it. In direct contrast to this world

of special favors, you believe that people function best in a consistent environment where the rules

are clear and are applied to everyone equally. This is an environment where people know what is

expected. It is predictable and evenhanded. It is fair. Here each person has an even chance to show

his or her worth.

Adaptability

You live in the moment. You don’t see the future as a fixed destination. Instead, you see it as a place

that you create out of the choices that you make right now. And so you discover your future one

choice at a time. This doesn’t mean that you don’t have plans. You probably do. But this theme of

Adaptability does enable you to respond willingly to the demands of the moment even if they pull you

away from your plans. Unlike some, you don’t resent sudden requests or unforeseen detours. You

expect them. They are inevitable. Indeed, on some level you actually look forward to them. You are, at

heart, a very flexible person who can stay productive when the demands of work are pulling you in

many different directions at once.

Blog 3: The Begining of Macro Practice

Macro practice in social work is a professionally guided intervention designed to bring about change in organization, community and policy areas (Pearson). Before macro practice was referred to as macro practice it was known as indirect work. It was known as indirect work because the worker was not directly working with one individual but an entire community of individuals. Not only did this include working with a community of individuals but it also meant working with community’s organizations and services. Like Sen referred to in his article, workers need to be able to build organizations and contribute to social movements all at the same time. (Sen) This goes hand and hand with macro practice because macro practice is working with many groups simultaneously not just one particular group. 

In 1917, Mary Richmond founded the concept of social work. She was one of the first social workers to advocate for not just individuals but individuals outside of themselves.  In doing this macro practice was developed. Richmond used the approach of human relations, social situations, social agencies and environmental aspects. One organization that Richmond can take credit for is the Charity Organization Society which helps ensure that people who receive help will be recorded and only receive aid from one place so that all needy individuals have fair opportunities for assistance.

Jane Addams was another important individual with social work macro practice.  Addams is known for creating settlement houses which are community centers were people in need can go. This was a great place where social workers could hear individual’s stories and their needs so they can advocate for them within the community. (Barker, 1998) These community homes were a great place for individuals to come and receive empowerment from workers who heard their stories and put forth action to change society as a whole. Hardina explained empowerment as confidence, control, decision, authority and influence of the self. (Hardina, 2003) The idea of empowerment came from the government programs that encouraged citizens within the community to be involved in planning for social change. Citizens voices are the ones that need to be heard to know what needs to be put into place for a better society.  Empowerment was important to help society come together to make the change and make the community a better, equal place for every individual.

                                                              
                         Settlement Houses

Throughout the 1900’s there were many movements that assisted in social change and had a great deal to do with social work macro practice. One of the most important acts was the Social Security Act of 1935, a relief program in response to the Great Depression which guaranteed individuals to have money when they retired. (Defining Macro Practice) 1950 was the peak of social change due to the abundance of things happening with woman’s rights, and a large need to create employment opportunities to decrease poverty rates. By the 1960’s society really needed some assistance because that was the time there were the most individuals receiving public assistance. The government developed the Great Society where they would carry leadership in response to the industrialization, poverty, racism and sexism. This movement also provided health, education and employment services (Estes, 2004)

Here is a video of Franklin Rooselvelt signing the Social Security Act of 1935:

Barker, R. (1998). Social Work History. Retrieved February 2, 2012, from National Association of Social Workers: www.naswdc.org

Defining Macro Practice. (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2012, from Cengage Learning: www.cengage.com

Estes, R. (2004). Rethinking Macro Content: Modles and Curricular Ideas. Retrieved February 2, 2012, from www.sp2.upenn.edu

Hardina, D. (2003). Linking Citizen Participation to Empowerment Practice: A Historical Overview. In Journal of Community Practice (pp. 11-38). The Haworth Press, Inc.

Pearson. Chapter 1. In Pearson, An Introduction to Macro Practice in Social Work.

Sen, R. Chapter 1: New Realities, Intergrated Strategies. In R. Sen, Action Stir It Up: Lessons in Community Organizing and Advocacy (pp. 1-23). Chardon Press Series.